Sprawl (SNDi) Sprawl (SNDi) Sprawl (SNDi) Sprawl (SNDi) Nodal degree Nodal degree Nodal degree Nodal degree N(nodes) N(nodes) N(nodes) N(nodes) Year Country $<$1990 90-99 '00-13 Stock $<$1990 90-99 '00-13 Stock $<$1990 90-99 '00-13 Stock Use of these data requires citation of the source journal article (Barrington-Leigh and Millard-Ball, PNAS, 2019/2020). Suva Fiji 3.5 8.4 10.4 8.2 2.9 2.3 2.1 2.4 148 1418 150 1712 Caracas Venezuela 4.9 10.4 10.1 5.3 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.8 11050 772 536 12360 Bangkok Thailand 6.8 7.6 8.1 7.3 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 74030 29630 45660 149300 Guatemala City Guatemala 3.8 5.6 7.5 4.5 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.9 22470 7338 4701 34500 Cebu City Philippines 6.1 6.9 7.3 6.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.6 5663 2294 4493 12450 Gorgan Iran 3.6 5.8 6.7 3.9 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.7 3342 468 240 4050 Los Angeles United States 3.6 6.2 6.3 3.9 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.9 250900 26000 9729 286500 Raleigh United States 4.8 5.4 6.3 5.6 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.6 11490 20790 18820 51100 Palembang Indonesia 4.7 5.6 6.3 5.2 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 15480 19170 3892 38540 New York United States 2.9 5.2 6.3 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.9 316700 41750 3484 361800 San Salvador El Salvador 4.4 7.1 6.1 5.0 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.7 10720 1727 4738 17190 Belgrade Serbia 2.9 6.6 6.0 4.2 3.0 2.3 2.4 2.7 9064 2239 4043 15350 Tijuana Mexico 4.3 3.6 6.0 4.4 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.9 15030 9205 8453 32660 Florianopolis Brazil 2.9 5.9 5.9 4.1 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.8 7180 2507 3211 12900 Pune India 3.4 5.0 5.9 4.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.7 6296 14750 10070 31110 Sao Paulo Brazil 2.1 4.9 5.8 2.5 3.1 2.8 2.6 3.0 152700 23130 5452 181200 Medan Indonesia 4.0 5.2 5.8 4.9 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.6 20000 28810 15540 64350 Gainesville United States 3.0 6.4 5.6 3.8 3.1 2.7 2.8 3.0 3858 796 1189 5843 Johannesburg South Africa 2.9 4.1 5.5 3.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.9 63020 15740 30170 108900 Dhaka Bangladesh 3.3 4.9 5.5 4.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.8 14300 5459 6604 26360 Kolkata India 3.2 4.6 5.4 3.9 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.8 19900 10110 6382 36360 Pematangsiantar Indonesia 3.2 4.6 5.4 3.7 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.9 1480 296 277 2053 Ulaanbaatar Mongolia 4.1 4.8 5.3 4.5 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 5923 1363 3107 10390 Kampala Uganda 4.9 5.6 5.3 5.1 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.6 8357 3792 3239 15380 Houston United States 2.9 5.1 5.3 3.9 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.9 88310 31430 45040 164700 Philadelphia United States 2.3 4.9 5.2 2.8 3.1 2.8 2.7 3.0 121700 25000 15350 162000 Victoria Canada 2.9 4.6 5.2 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.9 6591 1811 453 8837 Ho Chi Minh City Viet Nam 1.8 4.2 5.2 4.6 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.7 6087 12620 45260 63950 Manila Philippines 3.9 5.1 5.1 4.4 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 62320 26280 29480 118000 Sheffield United Kingdom 3.4 5.1 5.1 3.5 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.7 28920 2534 806 32260 Rawang Malaysia 3.5 4.7 5.0 4.7 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 544 818 3782 5143 Pokhara Nepal 3.2 4.5 5.0 3.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.7 1835 281 473 2589 Baku Azerbaijan 4.1 5.2 5.0 4.6 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.7 11000 7393 5087 23480 Lagos Nigeria 4.2 4.6 5.0 4.5 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 24080 22070 18610 64750 Vijayawada India 2.8 4.1 4.9 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.9 6915 1384 728 9020 Sialkot Pakistan 2.7 4.9 4.9 4.0 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.8 1610 2338 321 4269 Rajshahi Bangladesh 1.4 3.7 4.9 3.9 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.7 133 1592 710 2435 Cirebon Indonesia 2.7 4.2 4.9 4.5 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.7 1052 2313 7938 11300 Portland United States 3.0 4.9 4.8 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.9 50770 10330 6086 67180 Cleveland United States 2.8 5.4 4.8 3.8 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.9 24070 9499 13570 47140 Tyumen Russia 1.7 4.5 4.8 3.0 3.3 2.8 2.8 3.1 2305 915 1194 4414 Mexico City Mexico 1.8 4.0 4.8 2.7 3.2 2.8 2.7 3.0 116100 31920 40260 188300 Algiers Algeria 3.9 3.8 4.7 4.1 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 11870 10180 8928 30960 Minneapolis United States 2.8 4.6 4.7 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.7 3.0 62930 13580 11140 87630 Kaunas Lithuania 2.2 5.3 4.7 2.7 3.2 2.7 2.8 3.1 3189 170 681 4009 Coimbatore India 3.5 4.2 4.7 3.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 7197 5321 3402 15920 Arusha Tanzania 1.4 4.5 4.7 3.6 3.1 2.6 2.7 2.8 268 398 247 913 Manchester United Kingdom 4.0 5.2 4.6 4.0 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.7 71310 2487 224 74010 Springfield United States 3.0 4.7 4.6 3.7 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.9 9586 7111 2217 18910 Mumbai India 3.3 4.3 4.6 3.7 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 22760 2497 8396 33640 Astrakhan Russia 2.0 3.5 4.6 2.5 3.1 2.8 2.6 3.0 3739 2378 145 6243 Toledo United States 2.1 4.2 4.6 2.8 3.2 2.9 2.8 3.0 9881 3449 2782 16110 Kozhikode India 1.7 3.8 4.5 3.5 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.7 337 527 971 1834 Parepare Indonesia 2.4 3.8 4.4 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.8 748 297 517 1554 Guadalajara Mexico 1.7 3.8 4.4 2.5 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.1 45840 8804 20720 75350 Chicago United States 2.6 4.6 4.4 2.9 3.1 2.8 2.8 3.0 168400 29800 13250 211400 Jequie Brazil 1.2 1.9 4.4 1.5 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.2 2350 841 241 3425 Santiago Chile 1.5 2.1 4.4 1.9 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.1 65980 14240 12680 92900 Cabimas Venezuela 2.4 2.8 4.3 2.6 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.9 6392 1322 700 8410 Tashkent Uzbekistan 2.7 4.3 4.3 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.9 17210 8640 4093 29940 Bacolod Philippines 2.6 5.1 4.3 4.2 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.0 1116 1735 871 3718 Ipoh Malaysia 3.6 4.4 4.3 3.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 11280 3317 1477 16070 Ahvaz Iran 1.8 3.7 4.3 2.4 3.2 2.8 2.8 3.1 9175 2293 1828 13260 Killeen United States 2.7 3.5 4.3 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.9 4122 705 3163 7990 Singrauli India 4.7 4.0 4.3 4.2 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 215 776 420 1411 Accra Ghana 3.3 3.5 4.2 3.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 7924 17950 30780 56660 Sydney Australia 3.0 5.2 4.2 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.9 60730 7784 7819 76290 Bogota Colombia 1.2 2.0 4.2 1.3 3.2 3.1 2.8 3.2 44410 4658 1116 50190 Quito Ecuador 1.9 4.0 4.1 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.9 10240 5981 16250 32470 Moscow Russia 1.3 3.3 4.1 2.2 3.4 3.0 2.9 3.2 30260 10580 12860 53690 Ibadan Nigeria 4.1 3.7 4.1 4.0 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 19590 11700 15980 47270 Belo Horizonte Brazil 1.5 3.7 4.1 1.8 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.2 42180 4678 2774 49630 London United Kingdom 3.3 4.3 4.1 3.4 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 152100 24990 2778 179800 Saidpur Bangladesh 2.7 4.0 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.8 271 19 134 424 Istanbul Turkey 1.0 1.6 4.0 1.5 3.2 3.2 2.8 3.2 75590 47720 21180 144500 Warsaw Poland 1.5 2.5 4.0 2.2 3.3 3.0 2.7 3.1 16690 6931 5331 28940 Curitiba Brazil 1.8 3.0 4.0 2.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.1 22960 15240 6768 44970 Sana Yemen 1.1 2.5 4.0 1.5 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.1 9189 1111 1072 11370 Tehran Iran 2.4 3.5 3.9 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.9 63280 10710 7733 81720 Hyderabad India 2.6 3.1 3.8 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 53250 40680 42530 136500 Halle Germany 1.1 2.9 3.8 1.5 3.3 3.0 2.8 3.2 2940 959 178 4077 Modesto United States 3.1 3.6 3.7 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 7256 3193 2624 13070 Rovno Ukraine 2.3 3.1 3.7 3.0 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.9 932 252 1285 2469 Milan Italy 1.9 3.6 3.7 2.9 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.9 57860 47810 31340 137000 Lausanne Switzerland 1.3 2.7 3.7 1.8 3.4 3.1 2.8 3.2 2629 1140 288 4056 Haikou China 2.8 2.6 3.7 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 1180 455 1004 2638 Hong Kong China 0.7 1.7 3.7 0.9 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.4 5103 820 221 6128 Auckland New Zealand 3.2 4.0 3.7 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 16630 1779 1722 20120 Osaka Japan 1.2 2.8 3.7 1.3 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.2 163200 11930 2732 177900 Kabul Afghanistan 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 12210 1942 6990 21140 Qom Iran 1.9 2.3 3.6 2.2 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 7194 1726 2228 11150 Malatya Turkey 1.1 2.6 3.6 1.6 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.1 3751 731 829 5301 Jaipur India 2.6 3.1 3.6 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.9 8553 19120 12760 40440 Nakuru Kenya 1.8 3.5 3.5 2.5 3.1 2.9 2.8 3.0 818 180 650 1648 Shymkent Kazakhstan 3.6 3.3 3.5 3.5 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 4273 832 4356 9459 Kigali Rwanda 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 983 1893 1704 4580 Culiacan Mexico 0.7 2.0 3.5 1.5 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.3 8203 3594 3451 15250 Beira Mozambique 2.5 4.5 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.9 1284 108 2009 3401 Tangshan China 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.9 1654 871 3110 5635 Tel Aviv Israel 1.1 2.5 3.4 2.0 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.1 9565 14060 4221 27840 Hindupur India 3.4 2.7 3.0 3.0 32 42 250 324 Myeik Myanmar 1.9 3.3 3.3 2.4 3.1 2.8 2.8 3.0 723 143 501 1364 Palermo Italy 2.2 6.4 3.3 2.6 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.9 7142 221 3528 10890 Montreal Canada 1.8 3.5 3.3 1.9 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.2 45390 2361 4717 52460 Port Elizabeth South Africa 2.3 4.2 3.3 2.7 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.0 9068 987 6311 16360 Paris France 1.8 3.0 3.3 2.0 3.1 2.9 2.8 3.1 120400 12710 10510 143400 Alexandria Egypt 0.7 2.3 3.3 1.1 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.2 8166 1172 1755 11070 Antwerp Belgium 1.5 2.8 3.2 1.9 3.2 2.9 2.8 3.1 15740 6212 1122 23050 Ahmedabad India 2.5 3.5 3.2 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 8928 1520 1503 11950 Saint Petersburg Russia 0.5 3.4 3.2 1.9 3.6 2.9 3.0 3.3 9635 3610 6806 20050 Palmas Brazil 3.1 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.0 1246 3002 1080 5328 Lahore Pakistan 2.3 2.8 3.2 2.5 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 25460 6032 8742 40230 Oyo Nigeria 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.3 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 1451 778 2288 4517 Kinshasa DR Congo 2.1 3.2 3.2 2.7 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.1 18540 13100 14800 46440 Shanghai China 1.6 2.9 3.1 2.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 21910 10030 4331 36260 Zunyi China 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.3 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.0 451 212 399 1062 Seoul South Korea 0.9 2.3 3.1 1.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.2 87480 23150 14590 125200 Guixi China 1.3 3.1 2.5 3.0 2.8 2.9 119 98 152 369 Vienna Austria 0.5 2.3 3.0 1.0 3.4 3.0 2.9 3.3 15700 5894 1520 23110 Tebessa Algeria 2.0 2.6 3.0 2.2 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.1 2534 852 368 3754 Shenzhen China 2.5 2.6 3.0 2.7 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 6775 10210 5627 22600 Reynosa Mexico 1.9 2.9 3.0 2.2 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.2 7494 724 3016 11230 Oldenburg Germany 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.2 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.1 2479 669 398 3546 Guangzhou China 1.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 5568 34110 33470 73130 Baghdad Iraq 2.1 3.3 2.9 2.2 3.1 2.8 2.9 3.1 45310 798 1103 47210 Gomel Belarus 1.6 2.4 2.9 2.0 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.1 1438 1079 188 2703 Riyadh Saudi Arabia 1.7 2.7 2.9 2.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 50420 13700 26330 90440 Qingdao China 1.6 1.0 2.8 2.4 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.0 2669 2339 13880 18880 Singapore Singapore 1.9 1.5 2.8 1.9 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.3 13630 2347 618 16580 Cochabamba Bolivia 0.6 2.2 2.8 1.6 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.2 9470 6155 5781 21410 Cairo Egypt 1.4 2.2 2.7 2.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 23400 5148 33180 61650 Cordoba Argentina 0.6 2.3 2.7 1.0 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.3 22160 2406 4487 29050 Xingping China 2.4 2.7 2.5 3.0 2.9 2.9 110 34 263 407 Beijing China 2.0 2.7 2.7 2.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 19390 4648 14920 38960 Bukhara Uzbekistan 0.9 2.9 2.7 2.5 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 383 905 1335 2622 Belgaum India 1.2 2.1 2.7 2.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 555 738 1521 2814 Taipei China 0.4 1.9 2.6 1.2 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.2 15480 9285 7739 32510 Yulin China 2.7 2.1 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 2.9 3.0 209 316 299 824 Bicheng China 0.2 0.4 2.5 1.7 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.1 147 134 626 907 Zwolle Netherlands 2.0 1.6 2.5 1.9 3.1 3.3 3.0 3.1 3058 474 200 3731 Tianjin China 1.7 2.9 2.5 2.3 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.1 5007 1202 14040 20240 Yucheng China 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 312 289 252 853 Hangzhou China 1.1 1.9 2.5 2.0 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.2 2710 7870 11280 21860 Kayseri Turkey 1.2 1.4 2.5 1.7 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.1 1652 6635 4135 12420 Chengdu China 2.0 2.9 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 4475 6667 10200 21340 Yamaguchi Japan 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.9 10840 849 238 11920 Ndola Zambia 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 2730 982 452 4162 Wuhan China 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.3 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 5506 1976 7900 15370 Leshan China 0.6 1.5 2.3 1.4 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.1 200 193 198 589 Yiyang China 1.1 1.9 2.3 1.8 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.1 268 197 262 727 Karachi Pakistan 1.8 1.4 2.3 1.8 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 19750 9006 7515 36270 Changzhou China 1.6 1.9 2.3 2.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 812 1965 2931 5708 Le Mans France 1.6 2.7 2.3 1.7 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.2 4162 128 487 4775 Okayama Japan 1.6 2.4 2.3 1.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 50920 1592 3359 55790 Zhengzhou China 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 2915 1058 5414 9387 Budapest Hungary 0.5 1.3 2.2 1.2 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.2 19850 640 13900 34350 Changzhi China 0.8 3.3 2.2 1.8 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.2 371 180 310 861 Zhuji China 1.3 2.1 2.1 1.8 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 898 804 341 2043 Addis Ababa Ethiopia 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.0 16280 10550 16320 43160 Ribeirao Preto Brazil 1.1 3.0 2.1 1.4 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.3 9301 1569 1505 12370 Berlin Germany 0.3 1.0 2.1 0.9 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.3 17680 11210 10880 39770 Thessaloniki Greece 0.1 1.9 2.1 0.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.3 10600 1236 2490 14320 Fukuoka Japan 1.1 1.8 2.0 1.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 46970 6717 2684 56330 Gombe Nigeria 1.6 3.7 2.0 2.0 3.2 2.9 3.1 3.1 1836 556 4529 6921 Valledupar Colombia -0.2 0.6 2.0 0.2 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.5 2978 1144 648 4770 Gwangju South Korea 0.4 1.3 1.9 0.9 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.3 5325 2747 2278 10350 Anqing China 0.5 1.9 1.0 3.3 3.1 3.2 197 96 264 557 Busan South Korea 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.4 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2 15910 4092 4239 24230 Gaoyou China 1.8 1.8 3.1 3.1 83 32 149 264 Kanpur India 2.1 3.2 1.8 2.1 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.0 4631 435 418 5483 Tokyo Japan 1.1 1.6 1.8 1.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 662700 38240 96520 797300 Marrakesh Morocco 1.1 1.5 1.7 1.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 6328 2215 3610 12150 Leon Nicaragua 1.0 3.2 1.7 1.5 3.3 2.9 3.1 3.2 1143 378 392 1913 Madrid Spain 0.7 1.5 1.7 1.1 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.3 27780 12120 15240 55120 Buenos Aires Argentina -0.1 0.9 1.6 0.3 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.5 118000 16760 25870 160600 Suining China 1.6 1.0 3.2 3.3 51 61 122 232 Bamako Mali 0.6 1.0 1.6 1.1 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 13360 7500 15580 36430 Jinju South Korea 0.8 2.4 1.6 1.2 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 2491 122 2518 5131 Luanda Angola 2.0 2.2 1.5 1.8 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 12480 10490 27570 50540 Cheonan South Korea 0.2 0.7 1.3 0.8 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.3 1564 1165 2614 5343 Vinh Long Viet Nam 1.3 1.4 3.1 3.2 72 99 161 332 Lubumbashi DR Congo 1.7 1.8 1.3 1.5 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 6691 2344 7652 16690 Jinan China 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.7 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.2 4251 624 991 5865 Yanggu China 0.7 0.4 3.3 3.4 79 66 131 276 Khartoum Sudan 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.5 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 55930 14450 37680 108100 Xucheng China 0.5 0.8 3.6 3.5 12 51 264 327