Countries ranked by street-network sprawl

Barrington-Leigh and Millard-Ball, PNAS 2020

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Sprawl (SNDi) Nodal degree N(nodes)
<1975 1975-89 1990-99 2000-13 Stock <1975 1975-89 1990-99 2000-13 Stock <1975 1975-89 1990-99 2000-13 Stock
Puerto Rico 4.9 7.7 8.9 9.4 6.5 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.5 53990 47390 11750 8169 122000
Virgin Islands (U.S.) 4.9 7.8 8.1 8.5 7.3 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 1140 2528 875 693 5341
Trinidad and Tobago 6.1 7.4 8.5 6.2 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.5 28050 746 474 30110
Ireland 5.0 6.4 7.7 7.6 5.9 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.6 57020 22060 16960 18870 119100
Barbados 6.1 7.2 7.6 6.4 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.4 9340 959 2010 12840
Gabon 5.5 5.8 5.8 7.2 5.9 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 3273 8123 2325 498 14640
Liberia 6.2 7.8 7.6 7.1 6.9 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 13160 2362 2366 2991 21720
Panama 3.2 4.7 6.1 6.8 4.6 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.8 14990 9265 7126 4755 37300
Montenegro 3.4 5.0 5.9 6.7 4.4 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.7 3686 3693 312 339 8563
Lebanon 2.1 5.5 6.3 6.7 3.9 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.7 16720 18180 4013 3944 44610
Jamaica 5.2 6.3 6.3 6.7 5.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 19450 5504 3792 3221 32640
Papua New Guinea 6.0 5.5 7.1 6.6 6.5 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.6 3717 867 271 254 6234
Kosovo 5.5 6.8 7.1 6.6 6.4 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 14410 17740 2268 3495 40730
Cyprus 2.8 4.0 5.6 6.5 4.2 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.7 6728 25760 4797 2902 41000
Brunei Darussalam 6.1 7.4 6.9 6.5 6.7 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.4 6234 5344 1496 607 14130
Guatemala 3.2 4.7 6.1 6.5 4.6 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.9 31870 41000 11560 11320 105000
Bahamas, The 4.8 4.5 6.2 6.3 4.8 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 4805 3127 629 317 9239
Thailand 4.0 4.7 4.8 6.3 4.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 144300 473700 73520 123600 919800
Sierra Leone 4.5 6.6 6.0 6.2 5.7 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 8747 3178 2582 8969 25060
Philippines 4.5 5.3 5.6 6.1 5.4 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 126000 203000 50870 58600 500000
Macedonia, FYR 4.0 4.7 5.3 6.1 4.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 9010 23980 1254 795 35710
Norway 4.0 4.8 5.7 6.1 4.6 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.8 61630 56600 10010 19140 173100
Madagascar 4.1 4.6 7.3 6.0 5.3 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 5812 8669 1593 2115 39060
Sri Lanka 3.8 5.9 5.4 5.9 5.5 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 22060 78340 7957 25790 152000
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 5.2 6.1 5.1 5.8 5.4 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6 38540 7186 2236 2814 58120
Indonesia 5.3 4.4 5.3 5.8 5.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 662400 473100 137100 222100 1590000
Serbia 3.1 4.4 5.3 5.8 3.8 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.8 55710 32490 4067 4715 103100
Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.9 5.3 4.9 5.7 4.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 18520 17250 1667 2024 42070
Malaysia 4.5 5.6 5.2 5.7 4.9 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 268000 48840 46720 44940 419400
United States 2.9 4.6 6.2 5.7 3.9 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.9 5514000 2744000 982300 1068000 10810000
Costa Rica 4.4 5.1 5.1 5.7 4.7 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 35390 16680 3878 2611 60820
Albania 4.7 4.6 5.4 5.7 4.9 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.6 8327 21240 5603 2576 40720
El Salvador 3.4 4.3 5.1 5.7 4.3 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.8 15960 30010 10310 6567 65970
West Bank and Gaza 2.9 4.4 5.2 5.4 4.5 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 8341 28610 9383 6235 54570
Ghana 3.7 4.5 5.0 5.2 4.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 38860 24500 25800 36080 128200
New Zealand 3.7 5.6 5.2 4.0 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.8 75300 4860 5039 95990
Slovenia 4.2 5.5 5.5 5.1 4.5 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 40360 15760 1080 2453 61190
Venezuela, RB 3.3 4.1 5.1 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.0 243400 23300 15050 291500
Bangladesh 4.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.3 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 16040 35610 7683 26310 162400
Libya 1.7 2.4 4.1 5.1 2.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.7 3.0 46240 24730 5162 8455 86450
Guinea 2.5 3.6 4.1 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 12780 11970 8030 13820 51660
Cameroon 3.7 3.7 5.0 5.0 4.5 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 35920 33800 33760 27680 151400
Congo, Rep. 2.0 2.7 3.8 4.9 2.7 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.7 3.1 32860 5966 5465 8071 53340
Ukraine 2.6 3.3 4.3 4.9 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.8 231900 372500 36780 28420 760300
Honduras 2.3 3.3 3.8 4.9 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.8 3.1 22960 21020 17520 9406 75310
Slovak Republic 2.8 4.2 5.1 4.9 3.5 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.8 58460 39230 3276 4978 108100
Suriname 3.1 4.9 4.8 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.9 8446 269 570 9381
Romania 2.7 3.7 4.6 4.8 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 146100 160900 17310 24370 370000
Cote d'Ivoire 2.8 2.8 4.2 4.7 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.9 50640 9563 6999 8361 78590
Switzerland 1.8 3.8 4.7 4.7 2.6 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.6 3.0 121800 67820 6245 7043 206100
United Kingdom 3.8 5.2 5.8 4.7 4.1 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 1271000 237100 42150 43850 1618000
Russian Federation 2.5 3.4 4.4 4.7 3.7 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 620400 600100 139700 99670 1902000
Georgia 3.8 4.1 5.1 4.7 4.1 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.7 54000 26530 2837 2190 94980
Armenia 3.5 3.9 3.9 4.7 3.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 20880 17170 2590 1381 46490
Bahrain 2.1 2.7 3.5 4.7 2.5 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 16900 10980 1611 690 30440
Haiti 3.6 4.6 5.0 4.6 4.6 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 10320 12370 3368 7069 40000
Vietnam 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.4 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 67240 98770 27710 67750 287200
Lao PDR 3.3 3.8 4.5 4.5 4.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 4728 4816 2382 2489 18350
Nicaragua 1.6 2.5 3.7 4.4 2.9 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 3.0 16960 14450 7578 6224 48960
Israel 2.0 3.2 4.4 4.4 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 17300 52560 15560 11860 98590
Azerbaijan 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 39240 52790 6978 19670 125100
Croatia 3.1 4.4 5.1 4.3 3.7 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 46310 31960 2670 2727 86880
India 3.2 3.3 3.8 4.3 3.7 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 507400 743800 316500 554000 2384000
Bulgaria 1.6 1.7 4.1 4.3 1.9 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.0 98430 110200 4160 4041 225500
Uganda 4.2 3.4 3.9 4.2 4.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 11040 4378 11250 15020 123800
South Africa 3.0 3.8 3.7 4.2 3.6 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 169700 241900 109600 105500 659800
Austria 2.5 3.4 4.6 4.2 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.9 151200 75540 13460 12520 258200
Lithuania 1.6 2.7 3.7 4.2 2.9 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 15700 15250 3640 1914 57020
Denmark 2.5 3.1 3.6 4.1 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.9 131400 76630 9685 19210 241100
Nepal 3.8 3.2 2.9 4.1 4.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.7 18540 9598 3615 5307 62780
Jordan 2.8 2.6 3.6 4.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 5423 55780 13480 11260 93410
Australia 2.7 4.5 5.3 4.1 3.5 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.9 378500 218400 42000 63590 711200
Italy 2.2 3.5 4.0 4.1 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.9 790500 577200 59900 74170 1533000
Poland 1.9 3.0 3.9 4.0 2.7 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.9 233100 212400 25290 38860 532800
France 2.3 3.6 3.9 4.0 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.9 1076000 782100 135800 154000 2197000
Tanzania 3.0 2.4 3.8 4.0 3.5 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 24920 13260 19560 31400 114400
Czech Republic 2.0 3.2 3.7 4.0 2.6 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.9 153400 89160 7449 15320 271600
Mexico 1.7 2.4 3.1 3.9 2.6 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 434100 762000 236100 283000 1871000
Finland 2.0 2.8 3.5 3.9 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 53910 40060 10590 15000 164100
Mongolia 3.4 4.2 4.6 3.9 3.7 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 1470 6535 828 3378 27200
Mauritius 2.9 3.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 17410 2972 20930
Uzbekistan 3.2 3.2 3.9 3.9 3.5 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 78480 65400 13310 17840 207900
Estonia 1.5 2.4 4.1 3.9 2.6 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.9 3.0 12500 9556 1172 1456 33060
Hong Kong SAR, China 1.1 2.1 1.5 3.9 1.4 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.1 3.3 7529 2990 531 126 11320
Cambodia 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.9 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2500 11190 4396 11860 40930
Tajikistan 3.8 3.3 3.5 3.8 4.0 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 9941 8294 1455 4069 33270
Dominican Republic 1.7 3.1 2.8 3.8 2.7 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 34760 43020 19560 12350 111500
Malawi 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 11460 6093 6613 22920 58250
Portugal 2.8 3.2 3.8 3.7 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 170600 138600 45440 33140 391700
Moldova 2.4 2.7 3.2 3.7 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.9 28600 54010 2568 1429 88230
Myanmar 2.8 2.8 2.0 3.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.9 30110 48730 28880 35100 183400
Hungary 1.6 2.8 3.5 3.7 2.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.9 116200 85680 8834 10800 228800
Sweden 2.0 3.1 3.6 3.6 2.6 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 167700 61500 11450 15210 295800
Greece 0.9 2.4 3.2 3.6 1.5 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.8 3.1 200200 143200 12800 10590 378300
Malta 1.0 1.9 3.1 3.6 1.7 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 3.1 4511 7186 291 576 12580
Kenya 4.5 4.1 4.9 3.6 4.1 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 3173 11940 7510 19760 57890
Afghanistan 5.6 3.8 5.3 3.6 4.8 2.6 2.8 2.6 3.0 2.7 5968 13110 2057 8298 97390
Central African Republic 2.9 3.7 3.9 3.5 3.6 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 5286 1287 2348 1548 11520
Canada 2.2 3.2 3.7 3.5 2.7 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 374300 186700 48610 65720 724300
Rwanda 2.5 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 469 3592 1202 7287 15340
Belgium 1.7 2.8 3.4 3.5 2.2 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 3.0 161500 93210 14560 18010 291400
Latvia 1.5 2.3 3.7 3.5 2.6 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 14170 13100 2191 1529 46010
Kazakhstan 2.9 2.5 3.2 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 32700 63700 9447 14580 151000
Zambia 2.4 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 26800 9674 4017 15250 72800
Congo, Dem. Rep. 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 85890 54780 36190 62970 293900
Pakistan 2.2 2.8 3.6 3.5 2.8 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 77980 77830 22580 52970 245300
Nigeria 2.5 3.4 4.2 3.4 3.5 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 164200 264400 109900 427500 1318000
Chile 2.0 2.6 3.2 3.4 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 128200 80120 46310 51270 321900
Oman 3.7 2.8 3.5 3.4 3.4 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.8 7714 11220 8374 7630 52960
Colombia 1.6 -0.1 2.8 3.4 1.8 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.2 291400 116 22480 23260 346300
Zimbabwe 2.5 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 8018 24620 14330 9591 66050
Egypt, Arab Rep. 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.4 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 236000 106400 30750 54330 463100
Togo 2.1 2.0 2.3 3.3 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.9 13960 12340 8055 10600 53390
Cuba 0.9 2.2 2.7 3.3 1.4 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.1 60300 36790 3042 2292 104800
Luxembourg 2.0 2.9 3.2 3.2 2.4 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.0 8293 5288 1276 909 15950
Germany 1.9 3.0 3.2 3.2 2.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.8 3.0 1396000 635500 100800 105900 2268000
Benin 1.3 2.1 2.3 3.2 2.5 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.9 11690 17930 14740 17230 68490
Cabo Verde 2.6 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.0 3.1 3299 479 5722
Lesotho 3.5 2.8 2.7 3.2 3.4 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 795 8436 9052 11900 43250
Yemen, Rep. 3.3 2.2 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 4033 12560 3021 19410 48180
Qatar 2.4 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 7543 16590 1560 4188 33210
Burundi 2.4 3.2 3.7 3.1 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 1455 2674 2661 6890 20270
Kyrgyz Republic 2.9 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 10620 17090 5331 12930 52120
Namibia 2.0 2.2 3.4 3.1 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.0 2290 4964 4009 3862 18450
Syrian Arab Republic 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.9 1.7 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.0 81320 69870 12320 16730 188800
Iran, Islamic Rep. 3.5 2.7 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 208200 372400 79450 203100 945500
Brazil 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.9 2.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 1603000 818400 433600 284500 3394000
China 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 338300 521100 217500 457100 1861000
Saudi Arabia 2.0 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 58090 163100 39860 65860 424700
Iceland 1.9 3.3 2.8 2.5 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.0 5648 960 2409 11540
Algeria 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.8 2.3 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 34930 236800 62760 56570 411800
United Arab Emirates 1.7 1.2 2.2 2.8 1.9 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 40060 10940 5370 9332 89720
Tunisia 1.7 2.0 1.9 2.7 1.9 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 37440 83200 20520 9506 153300
Ethiopia 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 6697 23000 20780 98850 185100
Turkey 1.6 1.6 2.1 2.6 1.9 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 263500 512900 147600 101800 1114000
Angola 2.8 3.4 3.4 2.6 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.0 27300 23960 10970 59170 150000
Ecuador 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 149900 12040 16860 209200
Spain 1.2 2.1 2.6 2.6 1.8 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 581500 470600 125500 113600 1364000
Belarus 1.8 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 38900 33650 8610 6746 158800
Kuwait 2.7 4.1 3.1 2.5 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 20060 10490 1970 2484 37270
Netherlands 1.5 2.2 2.2 2.5 1.9 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 256100 139000 51920 53770 504100
Turkmenistan 1.9 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.4 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 4989 7124 2679 3554 25960
Korea, Rep. 0.9 1.4 2.0 2.4 1.4 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 158000 120500 37470 36530 374200
Gambia, The 0.5 1.5 1.6 2.3 1.4 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.1 5698 5082 4812 1626 18550
Iraq 2.1 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 28030 151600 20970 110200 320300
Botswana 1.8 2.3 2.7 2.2 2.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 4328 19920 14200 10530 71050
Paraguay 1.1 1.5 1.6 2.1 1.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 34060 21000 9802 7733 89460
Morocco 1.5 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 81040 86310 28680 58940 279200
Uruguay -0.3 0.5 1.7 2.0 0.4 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.4 23720 29060 6916 2864 65970
Mali 0.7 1.0 1.5 1.9 1.5 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2 7827 32510 8814 28340 89270
Niger 0.2 0.6 1.3 1.8 1.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 4227 8125 4460 16970 45800
Sudan 0.6 1.1 1.6 1.8 1.6 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 63510 52000 12280 92180 322400
Japan 1.1 1.5 2.2 1.8 1.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 2770000 990600 133900 106700 4043000
Taiwan, China 1.1 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 129300 12340 7868 7524 160000
Mozambique 2.1 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.8 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 15930 33320 15620 38020 125600
Senegal 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.5 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 29870 47270 18940 30800 150700
South Sudan 0.9 0.6 2.4 1.6 1.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 1966 1186 1085 11300 20960
Eritrea 3.6 2.6 3.0 1.6 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 2165 1659 629 2361 18250
Peru 1.5 0.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 192400 10900 9054 22550 284600
Argentina 0.2 0.5 1.1 1.5 0.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4 298700 305800 83990 69290 822300
Burkina Faso 0.6 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 15840 9960 11700 28040 74390
Belize 1.4 2.1 2.8 1.5 2.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 2664 1598 2084 616 8955
Bolivia 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 42060 33580 26060 35970 169300
Singapore 1.9 1.3 1.1 1.9 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.3 17120 377 173 17680
Chad 0.0 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 5562 3072 4880 12080 33780
Somalia 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.0 1.1 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 15690 15980 4662 18670 60370
Mauritania 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.6 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 5788 3530 2079 4055 26450
Maldives -0.6 -0.3 0.7 3.3 3.3 3.0 443 278 6971